India

ESPIRT ( interactions and technology )  

The Indian society was based of the **caste system** where during the **Vedic** and the **Epic Ages** people would create relationships between an Aryan conqueror and went against people the Aryan did not like. Social Structure TOP – warriors / government, Kshatriya, priests(Brahmins) MIDDLE – Vaisyas, traders, farmers, Sudra(common workers) who usually work on landowners large estates LOW- **untouchables** – handling bodies of the dead or hauling trash
 * E || In India the people live with an economy where it was a strong prosperity of trading around the world.
 * Two major industries- textiles and steel
 * Highly active traders
 * Served as the main trading post of the world
 * An agricultural - based economy similar to China
 * Traded by sea and first manufactures of textiles, cotton, and cloth, restricted by the geography of the Himalayas ||
 * S || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.2in;">Society was divided up by **Caste system** the Brahman being the highest, merchants, and then the untouchables.
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Men were dominated in the family similar to China
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Women had arrange marriage and had little to no rights
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.2in;">In China merchants were at a lower class than the peasants compared to the Indian society

<span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Family Structure
 * <span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">patriarchal control (man of the house)
 * <span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">extended close family relationships between grandmothers grandfathers … etc ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 65pt; margin-bottom: 0.2in;">P || <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Indian focused on a regionalism country where there are several regions around the civilization.
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Large army to control land, <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">heavier depended on armies
 * <span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">**Chandragupta Maurya**( first dynasty of Indian rules) Autocratic, absolute power, replying on personal and military power
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">When a religion is conquered the previous ruler would have to rule under India but there would have to be a personal consul in each region
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Caste System reflect value of the political system, for example people in the same social class would not marry any one lower or higher
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">During the Gupta Dynasty local leaders in different regions were allow to rule on their own, similar to feudal system
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Basically the people went on without focusing on the values of a political system, but however they follows what the priest interpreted from the Caste System
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">With the **caste system** people would //follow the rules among their class// so there would be somewhat of peace and //no need for an actual political power//. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 65pt; margin-bottom: 0.2in;">I || <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.2in;">India's interactions with the world became highly based on trading with the Middle East and the Roman Empire with silk, drugs, gold, and other goods.

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Th <span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">e people of India believe in gods and goddesses that regulate the natural forces but also processes human-like qualities. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">// * Gautama Buddha created Buddhism off all the mysticism // //at the end of the Epic Age// || <span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">New Epics(poems). ..
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">India traded with people of the world and mainly traded cotton, textile, cinnamon, elephants, and other goods. <span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Luxury goods make a fortune.
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">With Indian Trade, people usually traveled by sea for a higher amount of trading than China.
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Between China and India, together they developed **<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">caravan trade **<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">. ( trading in large groups)
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">By trading with the Middle East and the Roman Empire, trade brought back new goods of pottery, wine, metals, and slaves.
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">By trading silks, drugs, gold, and other goods it could actually make a person a fortune.
 * <span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.2in;">India is the main trade port around the world. People would trade goods through India.
 * <span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Kushans, new invaders push India from central India to the Northwest ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 65pt; margin-bottom: 0.2in;">R || <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Religion in India was mainly focused on Hinduism and Buddhism but Hinduism was more popular among the people.
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Karma was a main belief of Hinduism
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">The Upanishads believed in **reincarnation** and that health and wealth were not the most important reason of the human existence
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Their religion believed that they could //communicate with the mystical beings//
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Brahman devoted their time to worship/sacrifice animals such as cows and being a vegetarian
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Stupas, temples, were built top honor Buddha
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Religion contained several gods, making the people **polytheistic**
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Hinduism were open to all classes making it more popular in the lower class
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 65pt;">I || <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Throughout India people became mathematical advanced and improved their way of astronomy.
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Calculate the length of the solar year and earth’s circumference from great astronomer **Aryabhatta**
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Plastic surgery and bone setting were being practiced
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">The discovery of pi, negative numbers and square roots
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Predation of eclipse
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Promote the language **sandskrit** but it was all over the place, not popular => cause separation of region
 * <span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Rig-veda – Aryans Gods
 * <span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Mahabharate – Real / Mythical battles
 * <span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Ramayana – Real / Mythical Battles
 * <span style="color: #280099; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Upanishads – Mystical religion doings ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 65pt; margin-bottom: 0.2in;">T || <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Technology in India became more advance than the other parts of the world such as iron-making and steel. <span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">And textiles


 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">The Indians made advancements with iron-making that became far more advance that the rest of the world
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Indian had the superior steel at the time
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">Textile techniques also advanced – cotton cloth, calico, cashmere
 * <span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Had a very accurate circumference of the world.
 * <span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; margin-bottom: 0.2in;">Invented the modern word number system and decimals, and negative numbers ||

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Paragraph comparing China and India <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> Classical India was more connected with the world compared to China, and because of this India became more advanced than China in metal mining. However their advancements with agricultural society were very similar with each other. Classical India was the entrepot of trading because when people from the Middle East and the Roman Empire came in to trade their goods would have to go through India to trade with China,vise-versa. Trading through India, the country became more open to goods and other countries. China however first only traded on the Silk Road. The **Silk Road** was a trade route from China to the Middle East Asia to trade silk and other goods to other civilizations like Rome, and Mesopotamia. Together the civilization traded by **caravan trade** where people in groups would walk/travel to a place to a place to trade. Also with the success of trade both civilizations came up with a money system for an easier way for the economy. With classical India being more open to trading their advancement with metal working high bloomed. That contributed to their advancements in technology and mathematics. Their inventions for agriculture were more advancement compared to other parts of the world. With China being more isolated to the world, their advancement in technology wasn't as high compared to India. The geographic location of India makes sense that it was the entrepot of the time because of its middle location. People could come in and out with a more efficient route than to go straight to China to get goods. In conclusion, India's open mind to trading contribute advancement in technology while China's isolation made it a disadvantage for their advancements. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Key Terms <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">meaning- Song of the Lord || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Page 70-71 IN DEPTH (October 7th)
 * //light blue// //revisions done in class//
 * //dark blue// //revisions done at home//
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">merchants play a greater role in India compared to China
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">more sea trade in India
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">China and India were at the top in Asia
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">China's expansion - > government and seizing new land
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">India's expansion -> merchant life in spreading culture
 * Aryans || Indo-European migrants who were first hunting and herding people that slowly became an agricultural type of people that first began the Vedic Age. The impact of the Aryans led to a civilization with religion, political structure, and social structure. ||
 * Ashoka || Ashoka is Chandragupta's grandson from 269 – 232 B.C.E who was a great figure during the Indian history. He first began his ruling by being as governor of two provinces. During his ruling he extended conquests for land and gain control to the southern tip of India.
 * Believed in Buddhism
 * Sponsor shrines to support Buddhism
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">by expanding more land, his way for attacking cause him killing more than one hundred and fifty thousand
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">enjoy horseback riding and feasting
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">improve trade and communication for a better road network so when traveling people could have rest stops ||
 * Gupta || The new line of kings after the Kushan state beginning of 320 C.E. During the time there would just be a single ruler for the civilization. With no individual rulers in the civilization, it created a greater impact. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Their type of ruling to to create allies by marriage this expansion would be less violent. ||
 * Caste system || Caste system to the social structure of the people in India. It contains the rules and regulation among the people. ||
 * Hinduism || Religion that was highly based on concerns for economy and worldly pleasures. The people believed in Karma and writings great poems on their behavior needed for Hinduism. Hinduism is based of the **caste system** where people would end up following rules because of their social class. ||
 * Sanskirt || The first and scared language to the Indians. It was promoted during the Vedic Age that was mostly popular among the educated. ||
 * Upanishads || Upanishads are epic poems on mystically religion factors, created during the Epic Age. ||
 * Dharma || Rule of moral punishment, that there some a secret guide that could unite and discipline the different people under ruling. ||
 * Buddhism || Buddhism is the religion that was put together by Gautama Buddha. The religion believed in polytheistic gods and created shrines to worship them. The people did not use it based on social structure so it was more popular to people in the lower social class. Also Buddhism has beliefs on **reincarnation** and **nirvana**.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">karma - what comes around goes around
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">stupdas - shrines to worship gods
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">believed in moral consequences when someone did anything wrong ||
 * Tamils || Language and ethnic group of people in India. They were the first people to have a classical status. ||
 * Chandragupta Maurya || Young solider who took power along the Gandes River and became the first ruler of the Mauryan dynasty in India. Because of his ruling he unified the area and had an autocratic government.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">ruling that depended on personal and military power ||
 * Gurus || Men who thought people a basic holy essence to their disciples Brahman priest agreed of certain people and this became a popular informal religion. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The people were basically a teacher of religious beliefs ||
 * Bhagavad Gita || Bhagavad Gita or Gita is a writing for sacred Hindu. Around 700 verses, it has texts about important history and philosophy.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">What arguments did the thinkers of the classical civilizations of Greece, China, and India use to explain and justify the great differences in social status and materials wealth?

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Some arguments that could be used to explain great differences in social status would be cause the elite and common people had a very distinctive separation that was made very clear to people in China. However in Greece, people were allow to participate in democracy to make use of their talents to free males. In India people were to accept his/her place in life and understand that “it is what it is”.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">How did those who belonged to elite groups justify their much greater status,wealth, and how compared to the peasants, artisans, and servants who made up most of the population?

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> People who belonged to elite group justify their higher status by people are to accept their state in the social structure. That equality is a contradiction that people can't just always have.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Why did people belonging to those subordinate social strata, including oppressed groups such as slaves and untouchables,accept these divisions? <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> People belonging to their social class accept these divisions because they knew that they could not rise to a high class and even if the person would try he/she could be outcast, exiled, and/or punished.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Comparing these modes of social organization with the ideals of your own society, what do you see as the advantages and drawbacks of each.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> The advantages of social organization is have the balance of the society. When there are the rich, there are the poor. Because living in a world were everyone is equal is just not possible. However the drawbacks of social organization is that not every would be satisfied. Their unsatisfied goals could lead up to rebellions and protest.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Summary <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> The Indian civilization transitions from a river civilization to living a full on civilization. Being with the Vedic and Epic ages, Indo-Europeans also changes into a more agricultural based life. Indian's economy began with a very little focus of control the people. They ruled in regions with family rules to maintain power. However with the **caste system,** and people following rules within their social class there was hardly any need for actual political system. Caste system was the social pyramid of the people separated by job with many restrictions among the people.The economy of India is highly based on trade with all the parts of the world. //Because of its geographic location, it made India the trading port of the world at the time, where they import cotton, textiles, etc to get gold,slaves, opium, and more. India taking the opportunity to trade with all over their world, contribute to their advancements in iron and steel mining and their advancements in astronomy and mathematics//. Social Class became highly important of the people where people were split into their rightful class and obey each rules that were in it, like no marring outside of classes. Religion also became highly popular among the people. There was two religion going around: Hinduism and Buddhism. **Hinduism** appealed more to the lower class became it did not go by the caste system. There were times rebellion broke in the religion around 563 B.C.E. **Buddhism** however was highly popular among the people where they built **stupas**,shrines to honor God who regulate natural forces and also possess human like qualities. The people would believe in **reincarnation** where after they die, people could live another life. As a civilization, the people of India influenced other countries with their way of living. = =
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">caste system, the priests were at the top. The people help controlled the people of the civilization
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Aryans -> Mauryan Empire -> Kushan state -> Guptas