Civilizations+in+Decline



Ottoman Empire and Eygpt Chart MI: At the time, Western Europe was expanding and conquering around the world for trade and money, however in the Ottoman Empire, the empire was suffering from poor leadership, and little to no advancments in ideas. MI: With the Ottoman Empire dropping in leadship and military power, the Ottomans began to lose all land where at one point only had the land in North Africa left.
 * Ottoman Retreat and Birth of Turkey **
 * Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt **

MI: Manchu nomads have been planning and building against China to take over the Ming dynasty.
 * The Qing Empire **
 * Nurhaci (1559-1629) a local leader united the Manchu tribes where to combined each tribe to create fighting unites within called banner armies
 * Nurhaci's forces continue to attack China or people around the Great Wall
 * Manchu bureaucracy organized around Chinese ideals were the use of ceremonies and scholar officials were found; decrease of barbarian state
 * weakness in destroying China by the Manchu is the size of the nation
 * Qing - the name the Manchu regime took up due to that this was the only Chinese dynasty with a large area of land
 * religion was not promoted by the Manchu
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Kangxi - Confucian scholar who love the Chinese arts employed thousands of scholars to create the great encyclopedias of Chinese learning

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">MI: Social status within China did not change because of Manchu conquest; women continue to have no rights where men were dominant.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">education was highly promoted in the writings of Zhu and Xi; education was emphasize in the upper class
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">women remained confined to the male; male control => choosing brides from slightly lower classes
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">women control to live under men control and all females could hope was for a good husband instead of being a concubine; longer the relationship, higher chance to rule land in the long run
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">when the Manchu took over China taxes drop so amount of crops grown increase
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">this began an increase of workers => large gap b/w land owners and workers
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">compradors <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> - group of wealthy merchants who specialized in import-export trade along the coast of China => China came out of isolation

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">MI: Foundation on the Chinese Bureaucracy is based of off taking the exam system.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">in the system people have been caught cheating and of favoritism; scholars would buy poorly educated people into the system
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">in 1711 students students who failed the exams protest against the wealthy
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Confucian education is heavily based on responsibilities of educated ruling class but people soon believe that the positions in the bureaucracy was to just get rich
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">decrease of funds for military and public works
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">natural disaster on the Huang He caused famine, food shortages, migrations, diseases
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">corrupted leadership in China

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">MI:The inequality of trade between the Chinese and Britain cause the influx trading of Opium into China.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">the Manchu believe that they and the British were at equal status but saw that the trading was "unequal"
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">British would get silk, tea, fine porcelains but the Chinese saw that their imports wasn't so great; resulted British to trade high amounts of silver
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Opium War - 40,000 chests of Opium was imported into China; Period of time where opium became a product trade that cause many Chinese addicted
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">However the usage of Opium was causing the Chinese to be addicted and gov't falling
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">early 18th century Qing Emperors issues law to forbid opium traffic but nothing really worked
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Lin Zexu: emperor in the 1830s that drive to change without usually corrupt ideas; opium trading in Canton was blockade, with opium confiscated and destroyed
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">After the Opium War, the British were conquering and trying to control China's means of trade
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Wawr broke out in 1839 because of the anti-opium campaign where Britain gain control of Hong Kong
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Ports were being made around the coast of Southern Asia => promote trade; China had little to no choice in whatever the Europeans choose for them

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">MI: The Qing dynasty was slowing falling due to failed reforms from Taipings and misuse of power from emperors and empresses.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms **
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Taiping Rebellion <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">: ruled by semi-Christianized prophet <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Hong Xiuquan
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1850s - increase of supporters against the idea of growing commercial "encroachments of the West" ; won a series of victories against Qing forces
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">rebellion was going out of control where people were being imprison and the idea of a Utopian society was not working
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Taipings offered programs for social reforms, land redistribution, and rights for women; attacked on the Confucian elite by destroy tablets and shrines; also created a simplified writing system
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">self-strengthening moveme nt <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">: provincials leaders who aimed to countering the challenge from the West where they participated in Western investments in public works and armies
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Death of Hong destroyed the TaiPings; where people afterward killed themselves in mass fires
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Empress CiXi use her throne to destroy the reforms; nephew was imprison in the Forbidden city where his lead reforms but was executed or driven from China
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Empress CiXi went against the West and used money for embellishing the palaces instead of for public works
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Boxer Rebellion <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">: rebellion broke out in 1898 because of the of the spheres of influences; goes against the imperialistic powers and Christianity. However the rebellion only ended BECAUSE OF imperialistic powers.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">MI: Towards the fall of the Qing Dynasty much of the arts and culture collapsed along with it.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Fall of Qing: The End of a Civilization? **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">the defeat of the Taipings came to be that the Qing Dynasty filled with secret underground organizations
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">secret training ground became to be that new type of resistances towards the Manchus
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">scholar gentry class young men educated in European-style educations who together formed groups to get rid of the Manchus
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sun Yat-sen <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">: Chinese revolutionist who took power to create social programs for relieve the misery of the lower class
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Chinese revolutionist heavily depends on the West for ideas and organizational models
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">rebellion took in the form of cutting off the braided ponytails and condemned the Manchus for failing to control the foreigners
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Pu Yi <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> - Last emperor of China who began his reign when he was 12; created a republican government in China
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">revolution of 1911 changed the dynasty where learning exams were stopped and however the culture of the Confucian system and massive civil bureaucracy where also punished and destroyed ( stopped using)