Western+Europe




 * Impact of Chrisitanity **
 * Europe becomes more separated resulting in less interaction among the culture
 * clergy was taken over by uneducated tribal people (Germanic
 * tribal people did not care for worldly desires and only focused on their own religious beliefs
 * kings and church began to work together to rule the people
 * kings and church received all the political advantages with money,land,wealth
 * Christianity became an abs power where kings can enforce laws with the support of the Pope
 * Reign of Charles Martel & Viking Raids (600 - 755) **
 * founder of Carolingian Dynasty -> land expanded to much of Europe
 * consolidated Frankish Power, making them all powerful
 * Charles Martel, grandfather to Charlemagne
 * Martel made advancements to allow soldiers to hold swords more efficiently
 * Military advancements lead to domination of land
 * raided unprotected lands of Britain and Northern land
 * monasteries = main target
 * slaves were captured
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Rise of the Franks (755-850) **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Charlemagne was be king and the first to be consider the protector of the church
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">conquered Germanic land, liberated Rome from Lombard Rule
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Push Muslims further outwards in present day Spain
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Feudalism (840 - 967) **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">social/economic/military order where kings were granted areas of land for given military protection
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">peasants became property of the King
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">feudal lords rule in court and justice in their own way
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Christianity and the High Middle Ages & Expansion of Holy Roman Empire (967 - 1060) **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">By 10 or 11th century basically all of the barbaric people were Christians.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Christians crusades =>consequences of centuries of invasions & it lead to revive interest in Asia; stimulated trade, Islamic science and enlightenment.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Religion -> nationalism -> expanding land.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Otto the Great and German Emperors had power on the people and the pop where they expanded in land.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Italy went into chaos and Otto went in and conquered it to establish Papal states.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Effects of the Crusades, Norman conquest of England and Magna Carta (1060-1240) **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">decrease in Balt territory
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Jewish communities were destroyed on he Palestinian terrioty
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">new ways for conquest
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">corusades influence Asian knowledge to Europeans
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">grew a distrust in Christians
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">destroyed other religions, Jewish
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Norman invaded Ireland, and conquered England and became its ruling class
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Magna Carter - first step to democracy, beginning with nobles at the breaking point from the abuse of monarch power
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">King John was subdue to for him to sign the Magna Cater for certain rights
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Why the Golden Horde was able to dominate Europe and the Black Death Plague (1240 - 1350) **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Mongol Empire (Golden Horde)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Mongols may have introduced the plague
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Black plague weaken Europe making them vulnerable
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Nomadic lifestyle => better conquest

media type="custom" key="7505909" <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Summary on Manorialism: <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Manorialism is the system of political and economic relations. Its where landlords would buy military protection for their manor or estate. On the landlord estate, serfs, or workers would work for them in return for protection. Serfs work on agricultural terms, to provide crops and money to landlords. However serfs are not slaves, they are technically the owns of the land and allow some privileges. Popes were at the top of Manorialism, giving them the ability to make laws a fight against people who not Christians.Each manor, would have their own church with their own priest. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">media type="custom" key="7506505" <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Summary on Feudalism: <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Feudalism is the system between military and landlords. It consists of the lords, vassals, serfs. Its co-exists with Manorialism, for lords own the land of the serfs to buy protection for the people. Feudalism could cover larger land and when William the conqueror came in his created relations with England land. With that it expanded agricultural inventions making it more efficient for the serfs. Using the Manorialism system it limited advancements with science and math. Basically trade was divided and everyone was independent their type of ruling.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Dark Ages Movie Notes

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<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Magna Carta Translation mark up

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">media type="custom" key="7532471" <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Summary of Magna Carta: <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Magna Carta was legal document signed by the King of England to decrease the power of higher power. In the Magna Carta, there is contain laws that lords would not be allow to own the land of the people when he has die. By doing so, the lord have not have an influx amount of land and the serfs have none. However if the husband of the wife die, she looses her land and is to find a new place of her own. The women is not allow to marry in the future. This shows that women still have hardly no power in law. The protectors of the the area is not allow to make up his law to his liking because it would cause corruption in the people; by doing this it would keep the peace and balance. However though land is not allow to be given to religious areas and religious areas are not accept land. This rule decrease the amount of power religion have on people.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">* It gives to basic to democratic priciples

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Notes on __Decline of Medieval Synthesis__ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Signs of Strain <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Post Classical West and its Heritage <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1. Middle Age <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">2. Relation b/w Europe and religion
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">shift around 1300 resulting in over population and disease
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Hundred Years War (14th and 15th Century) - b/w France and English
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">weaken Monarchy in France => paying armies on their own
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">New military efforts challenged the economic idea of fuedal lords
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">War - French victory : there was inspiration from french peasant women Joan of Arc
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">After the war plague( Black Plague) devastating the population and social structure
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">conflicts worsen b/w peasants & landlords
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">social class - ruling class, land-own aristocracy is losing its way
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">decrease in armies and new advancements
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">upper class became more cultivated and polite; similar to China
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Church and state: pope neglect religious involvement, weakened
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">ex. leaders would preach against hierarchy to be one with God
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">ex. Women claim to be emotionally connected with God
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">there was a break down in intellectual and artistic thinking; decrease in philosopher thinkers and art => pushed away thinkers from religion
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">art -> nature -> emphasizes on human features
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">growing dynamics
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">increase in trade, cities, intellectual activity
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">increase in universities and Gothic art
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">tech & science to trade & consumption
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">religion and feudal system worked together
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">crusade -> caused an aggressive interest and wider interest in the world

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Summary:

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> When Rome fell, it left Europe in pieces. It went into the period of the dark ages and then the **Middle Ages**. This was the time when the people in Europe increase in interaction and intellectual activity with the rest of the word. At the time, Europe suffered with constant invasions by Germanic tribes and the **Vikings** from Scandinavia. Europe's political organization became what was called **Manorialism**. Manorialism was the system that connected economic and political relations between landlords and the protection of the manor. People live in an enclosed area called a manor ruled by a landlord. Each landlord would provide land to soldiers in return for protection, while **serfs**, or the peasants would work for the landlord to provide crops, so the serfs would live in peace. However life for the serfs were rough, with tough work with limited equipment. However as time went on, the **moldboard** was created for better plowing and the **three-field system** improved fertility situations. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> With the collapse of Rome, people were looking for a new sense of hope and Christianity became the center of everything. The church and the lords would work together to make laws and control religious activities. The Franks, a new family **Carolingian** took over and made Europe more salient. **Charles Martel** was the man who push Muslims further south and **Charlemagne** made the empire more stable and added more intellectual activity in the area. Also the **Holy Roman emperors** put together Christians claims to create this solid monarchy based on religious ideas. Towns were growing thus the economy was growing. Life became a more stable place for Europe and it was their slow recovery from the collapse of Rome. Government in Europe was limited because it did not fully develop. When King John was in power of England, he was force to sign the Magna Carta because of his absolute ruling. This began the first principles of democracy for the people with parliament coming to place. The area in Europe continue to expand with the **Hundred Years War** that went between England and France and the Crusades to the Holy Land in Jerusalem. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> Culture in Europe continue to develop with new ideas on religion. For example, **Peter Abelar** wrote the Yes and No to demostrate the logic from the Christian writings and people like **Bernard of Clairvaux** questioned the idea of God. People were using rational philosophy to question the idea of god. Gothic architects increase during the time with tall church spires and tall arched windows. The economy of Europe continue to increase with the growth of trade and the intro to a banking system. With the Crusades it introduces a new curiosity to the world, thus leading to the increase of trade. However the Middles Ages did fall with new improvements to Europe.