Egypt

Outline notes 661-666. ad 727-729 Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East MI: British corruption in the colony Egypt, nationalist forces were combining to go against opposing sides,
 * Egyptian officers were lef to British occupation in 1882 => use to for liberation of alien Turkish overloards
 * the british were aiming to create a double colonization with Egypt and Turkey
 * **Lord Cromer**: high commissioner of Egypt where he pused for economic reforms to elimiate debt; watchedf over reforms in the bureaucracy and public works
 * British force the people in Egypt to reply on estate owners where they extend their control in rural area
 * public works increase, agriculture production increase
 * the wealth of Egypt is growing where people began to take up shopping in districts of Cairos or spending their time in resorts in Alexandria
 * **effendi**: the sons or the prosperous business and professional families that make up new middle class
 * resistance was usually seen in middle class where the upper class was allied with the British
 * In the 1890s and early 1900, exploition of the corruption of the British ways is growing under newspapersa and politcal parties
 * **Dinshawai incident**:nationalist forces combine to built a mass base hostility shown by the Egyptians masses in 1906; this is the confrontation between between the Brtish and Egyptians
 * When the Brtisih accidentally killed a wife of the prayer leader causing the villages to mob
 * In result, one British officers was killed by handing
 * Protests for Egyptian nationalism was growing and the British declartion on Egypt after for WWI

War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East MI: Revolt in Egypt, 1919 MI MI
 * During WWI, Egypt had sides with the Central Powers
 * Ataturk or Mustafa Kemal was a skilled military commander became a strong Turkish Officer during the war years
 * Ataturk took the Turkey forces and drove out Greek armies and colonized the land
 * 1923 independent Turkish republic have been establish but thousands of Greeks lose their lives for it
 * new changes were made to the nation of Turkey including language and the idea of women suffrage was rising
 * the Turkish power began to support the entente power when they were victorious betraying the powers of the British
 * Hussein, Sherrif of mecca, use their powers to support the British going against the Turkish
 * **Mandates**, government entrusted to the European nations from the Middle East were carved out in Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon under the powers of the League of Nations; Grants of land made by the League of Nations; 2 Mandates were control by the French( Syria and Lebanon) and the rest were controlled by British
 * The league of nations had promise to give Palestine to both the Jewish and Arabs which the two found confusing
 * Balfour Declaration: British War Cabinet, allow the Jewish to return to original land and allow the Jewish to create an establishment in Palestine; Zionist to gain US support and Arab support to defeat the Ottomon => British lied about this promise
 * 1918 - Wilisons 14 points = hope for life
 * Sykes-Picot Agreement
 * 1919 = mandates
 * After WWI the idea came about of Futures Wars? -> Wars
 * 1930s British and US drilling in the Middle -> British focused on Q8s where US on the S.A.
 * WWI: Protecting Oil Supplies = KEY
 * HOLOCAUST: 1948 Isreal is created as a state! -> THAT same day it was invaded by Egypt, Syria, TransJordan, Lebanon, Iraq
 * By 1949 Isreal expanded
 * WWI drived seperation btween West and Isreal;
 * Leon Pinsker: believed that there can be no acceptance of the Jewish by the Christian communities and they are to return to the Holy Land
 * World Zionist Organization: the group of Jewish that would promote the idea of migrating back to the Holy land after Alfred Dreyfus, a French Jew who was falsely accused exchanging secrets to the Germans
 * Theodor Herzl, Austrian journalist stunned by the hate against Jewish wrote about to fund Jewish Migration
 * The Jewish had became mistrusting in the British with their attempts to limit Jewish migration causing resistance instead
 * The British became the Protector of Egypt in 1914 but the war was taking a toll on the peasants
 * Because in the area of Egypt already have a limited amount of supplies, products became scarce
 * war -> inflation
 * Wafd Party was established by leader Sa'd Zaghlul so nationalist could have a set mind on a mass base
 * Negotiations were slowly being made for Egypt to gain independence => Egyptians gain a large amount of political independence
 * Social Revolution occur in 1950s because of the social bankruptcy that lasted for 40 years
 * Statistics were high for people who were not educated, poor, and just basically had the lack of materials
 * Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs Isrealis, and Palestinian Question**
 * World Wars influence countries in the Arabs, and South Africa
 * The persecution of the Jewish gave sympathy to other Nazi to help from the Nazi terror
 * Major Muslim revolt swept Palestine between 1936 and 1939 but with the use of violent measures to keep Jewish out lead to Haganah a Zionist military force, and several secret terrorist groups
 * Towards the end of WWII, the Zionist began to fight a war where they prove they could keep their land and expand into Arab land

MI: Ongoing military power encoruiaged change in power, and the way the society parties. Iran:Religious Realism's and Rejection of the West MI: Leader Analysis must be scan
 * Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions pg 798 - 801**
 * military power began to strengthen in the Middle East where discipline and training became so important
 * military power = restoring power and order
 * When the military was in power, they banned political parties to have military regimes have control
 * //example: Uganda under Idi Amin, Myanmar, and Congo destroyed civil liberties but did very little to help economy//
 * military leaders -> extreme punishments
 * **Gamal Abdul Nasser** was a military leader who took radical ways for economic and social reform. He was in power of Egypt in 1952 except his regime did close to nothing to fix living conditions and conditions continue to drop
 * Free Officers movement: radical movement in gaining power by the secret organization in Egyptian army during the 1930s. Founding by idealistic Egyptian officers
 * **Muslim Brotherhood**: group for power where it was their focus social ideas; allied revolutionary consul
 * new revolution occur where monarchy ended and in place were Free Officer and Egyptians ruling themselves
 * political parties( Muslim brotherhood ) -> end
 * Nasser used dictatorial powers to rule carrying out reforms but Nasser basically was trying to control and intervene just almost everything
 * reforms began to fail due to lack of money, mismanagement and miscalculations
 * increasing population = Egypt could not control it
 * **Six day war** with Israel in 1967 = heavy costs of foreign interactions
 * **Anwar Sadat**: Nasser's successor destroy massive state power and push the Russians out thus making them open to US and Western Europe
 * **Hosni Mubarak**: Sadat successor done little for the power in Egypt, Assinated g
 * Secret Egyptian Armies established
 * Ayatollah Ruhollah Klomeini change the direction of Iran where the revolution of 1979 was a setback in religious ideas => movements of joining politics and religion
 * The people wanted to change to the way it was like in the past where they called it the "Golden Age"; went against Western-supported movements
 * Klomeini claimed to be a divine ruler to rescue Islamic faith from Westerners
 * Iran use oil for wealth
 * religion became alienated