Africa

Notes **p666-669** (Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa), **p723 - p.727** (Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa) **p. 804 - p.806** (The Apartheid State and its Demise)

The Beginnings of Liberation Struggle in Africa MI: For areas in Africa to gain independence people were writing and creating uprising to go against the one whose in control, British or the French Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies MI: In settler colonies, methods to gain independence became more violent and destructive.
 * Both British and French rulers were control areas of Africa at the time
 * Africians were highly loyal to the European rulers during WWI; they provided food and materials => promises of better jobs and public honars
 * However people were being fed up of starving just to supply materials and food for people in the war
 * Lord Lugard who was an influential colonial admisistrator who pinted out that providing for the British gives them an opportunity to learn
 * 1920s & 1930s - African elite began to organize groups
 * **Marcus Garvey** and **W.E.B. Du Bois** who were powerful African nationalist leaders use their efforts to create **pan-African organizations**
 * pan-African => prove that it did not work -> arouse anti colonial settlements
 * negritude: literary movement that teach exiles to stand up to racial sterotyping
 * **Leopold Sedar Senghor**: Senegalese poet that wrote about the beauy of having black skin and arguing ideals that were popular in the West about the Africans
 * Settler colonies- educated Africians were taking the opportunties to create a stronger political status and eventually the British did grant some power
 * 1930s: generations of new leaders -> stronger attacks on policies of British in newspapers and political associations

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa MI:
 * in the prensence of European settler communities, the Europeans were trying to block out the rise of nationalist movements
 * They were trying to turn political control over the African majority and try to grant them civil rights; refused reforms
 * African leaders turn to violence
 * **Jomo Kenyatta**: leader in Kenya during the 1950s and along side with the nationalist party, Kenya African Union(KAU) to create more radical leaders
 * 1950s: **Land Freedom Army** was a group that would have radicals creating a campaign of terror against the British => British used military force to end it with imprionenment
 * 1956: rebel movement destroyed with the cost of thousands of lives
 * 1963: Kenya gain independence
 * mid 1950s: **National Liberation Front(FLN)** created large scale population of Arabs andBerbers to revolk against the French ruling in Africa
 * The French and Algeria negociated for their indepedence after de Gaulle came into power -> prove that the French can no longer handle this type of ruling
 * **Secret Army Organization(OAS):** use against Arabs and Berbers, and French who wanted independence; usings methods such as almost assassinating de Gaulle
 * outbreak of civil war => thousands of people siding with the French, migrated to France
 * violent revolutions to end white settler dominance in Angola and Mozambique( Portuguese)
 * the South did maintain a good amount of white dominance/supremacy
 * Settlers in Kenya and Algeria had to option to go to Europe as full citizens in France or Great Britain
 * however over time, the African began to take up the belief of white racist supremacy
 * **Afrikaner National Party**: political organizations that emerge during the 1930s and 1940s to bring down all Southern White political party groups => to gain independence from Britain
 * apartheid: rigid, strict system of racial segregation created after 1948 through long passages on many laws
 * blacks were NOT allow to vote, organize political parties, labor unions, limited higher education => perseverance of white supremacy

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Liberation of Non settler Africa <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">MI: South Africa: on paper
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">WWII => African forced labors, controlled markets, inflation
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">nationalist campaigns were increasing
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">wartime of British and France -> factories had to make materials at a quicker rate => growth of the African urban class
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Kwane Nkrumah and his followers in the British Gold Coast colony, launched the process of decolonization in Africa by in a radical format. They created schools to educate people and created a wide awareness around the world. His peaceful protest along coastal cities was ended by police firing on it => riots
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Convention Peoples Party(CPP): Political party created by Nkrumah by accumulating other African leaders to have new styles of rallies, boycotts, <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">and sticks
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The British made Nkrumad the prime minister of an independent Ghana in 1957
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">peaceful devotion = independence in non-settler colonies by mid 1960s
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Slow French retreat is use to moderate Africa leaders => 1960 all of France's West African colonies were free
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">1960: Congo gain independence from Belgians
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">mid 1960s: Colonial era for Europeans ENDS

third ruling - ruling became more autocratic and more invovement in foriegn relations || Yes ||
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || 1962 || France || * 1954 Alergian War of Indepedennce
 * Also called the million man revolution(death rate) || Mohammad Ahmed Ben Bella - president
 * Angola || 1975 ||  || * high health concerns
 * ruled by Portugese
 * uprising against plantations of cotton because the governemtn was taking control of supply and money
 * Movements were basical on ethic ideals
 * searching help from china from their civil war || * Eduardo had been control of Angola for 30 years, president for life ||  ||
 * Belgian Congo || June 30, 1960 ||  || * Two types of indepedences events
 * Originally it was a free state own by King Leopoid
 * free state of Congo was a horrible place to live where Leopoid was abusing his leadership
 * expensive rates in economy
 * Now - Democratic republic government
 * internal turmoil with civil war
 * economy - mainly oil || * King Leopoid: brutal ruler who misused his powers, owner of the original free state
 * after the movement transition to independence nation was led by patrice munbad asked the USSR for help during the cold war ||  ||
 * Ghana || 1958 ||  || * first independece - in Sub Saharan Africa
 * **depended of foreign aid** || * **Ahmed Sékou Toure Lansana Conté auto craic ruler** ||  ||
 * Guinea ||  ||   || * own by the French
 * after WWI the French provided education to the people => ||  ||   ||
 * Kenya || 1963 ||  || * settler colony owned by the British
 * 19470 Kenyatte created the fifth Pan Africian congress
 * low economic sucess - corruption
 * Violent movements
 * tiggers for change - change in pan africa
 * no way to recover from lower economy
 * corrupt ruling || * Jomo Kenyatta was the key leader
 * Madagascar || 1960 ||  || * originally an independent kingdom butcame under French rule
 * in 1886
 * MDRM -> Malasy organized a revolk
 * 1950s politcal parties were created PSD(democratic) and AKFM(radical party)
 * 1958- de Gaulle's coup
 * After independence . . . racial diverse => zone of interaction & relgious diverserity
 * Republic government || **Tsiranana** || Yes ||
 * South Africa || May 31st, 1934 ||  || * the first peopel to reach south africa was the Dutch
 * Shaka Zulu organized armies to go against the imperliast nations
 * 1497 - Vasco da Gama arrives on Natal Coast
 * 1910 - the union of south africa is form
 * Today South Africa is republic with a middle income || * Shaka Zulu: created a powerful Zuzu kingdom
 * Alfred Minnler who became the colonial admistratior
 * Jau
 * **Nelson Mandela**: involved in the ANC which was sa nationalist movement
 * Paul Kruger: prominant Boers who apposed the imperalist || Not sucessful for all ||
 * Paul Kruger: prominant Boers who apposed the imperalist || Not sucessful for all ||

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Summary <span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The region of Africa was mainly ruled by the main European countries – Britain, France, and Portugal. Colonies in Africa were used for the benefits for the owner to have a large supply of food, trade, and raw materials. The ruling owners ruled the colonies in corrupt ways where power was abused and people lived in terrible conditions. During World War I, the British recruited Africans to fight in the war, however people that comes back home have to suffer racial discrimination. The war also affected the economy with low wages and inflation. People saw the corruption in the government or mandates and began to advocates national movements against the opposing power. <span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> In Ghana, the ** Convention’s People Party ** was form as a political party to create a larger in the government. The party is used to assemble peaceful boycotts and protests. Also the **African National Congress party** was form in 1912 to bring down all white political parties in South Africa. To gain independence, areas in Africa use both violent and peaceful ways. **Kwane Nkrumah** made use of peaceful protest even when the British called on open fires. The works of Kwane Nkrumah show how they could gain independence under British recognition without the use of violent acts. Ghana gain independence in 1958. <span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> However when **Land Freedom Army** was organized radical leaders created a campaign of terror to use it against the British. The Land Freedom Army formed in Kenya had rebels at the highest amount of 200,000 to fight for what they believe in. The key leader **Jomo Kenyatta** was arrested and prison but in result the British did grant them independence in 1963.